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Cima Tosa
Cima Tosa is a mountain in the Brenta group (''It.: Dolomiti di Brenta''), a subgroup of the Rhaetian Alps in the Italian Region of Trentino-Alto Adige, with a reported height of () 〔Castiglioni-Buscaini, TCI-CAI Guida dei Monti d'Italia: Dolomiti di Brenta (1977), page 241〕 With this elevation, the prominence of Cima Tosa would amount up to 1,521 meters above the reference point at Passo Carlo Magno near Madonna di Campiglio at 1,652 meters. Cima Tosa therefore qualifies as one of Europe's ultra prominent peaks. The mountain rises up above Val Rendena with its 800 meters vertical north face with a steep couloir called Canalone della Tosa dividing it from its dazzling ante-peak Crozzon di Brenta. The summit is topped by a snow cupola above the rock face, almost like a shaven head, hence the name Cima Tosa (Iocal dialect: Shaven Summit). The south-eastern side descends in a series of snowy terraces and vertical rock pillars.
==Height and prominence==
Cima Tosa's reported elevation is 3,173 meters.〔The elevation of Cima Tosa was reported as 3,176 meters in 1899 in: Prof Dr Max Haushofer: "Tirol", Velhagen und Klasing, Leipzig/Bielefeld (1899), page 16. It was however already at the official 3,173 meters in 1908 in the Zeitschrift des DÖAV Jg. 1908, page 362.〕〔Castiglioni, page 264〕 With this elevation, it is the Brenta Group's highest point and the 38th alpine ultra-prominent peak. The height of Cima Tosa was determined by triangulation measurement under Austro-Hungarian rule and later in the 1930s.〔Castiglioni, page 18 refers to the Altitude Tables of the Istituto Geografico Militare (IGM), some of which were as recent as 1970 but some of them relying on surveys done around 1930.〕 If done correctly, a correction should have been applied that would have deducted the thickness of the snow cover. In the case of Cima Tosa summit, where the snow forms its characteristic snow dome, that layer of snow may have been substantial and difficult to measure. (Recent amateur research ) has suggested that Cima Tosa is not as high as 3,173 meters and might even be lower than Cima Brenta. Due to global warming, the summit snow dome would have shrunk some 20 meters in height, explaining an allegedly consistent GPS-reading of around 3,150 meters on the top of Cima Tosa. Undoubtedly, the snow/ice cap on Cima Tosa has suffered from the effects of climate change as much as the glaciers ("vedrette") surrounding the Cima Tosa massif. The thickness of the snow layer should, however, have been ruled out as a matter of routine, in the triangulation surveys that were done around the turn of the century and confirmed by later official surveys.〔The IGM did a lot of surveys in the 70's. Nowadays, reference should have improved with a IGM geodetic point on nearby Cima d'Ambiez.〕 The issue of reliability of GPS elevation readings possibly plays a role in the recent deviating measurements. Elevation error in GPS use is, as a rule, considerably worse than the horizontal position error.〔Generally, error in GPS elevation readings is specified to be 1.5 times the error in horizontal position readings. This means that the user of standard consumer GPS receivers should calculate for +/-23 meters (75ft) of error with a Geometric DOP of 1 See: http://gpsinformation.net/main/altitude.htm. Which would just account for the difference experienced by GPS users on the summit of Cima Tosa.〕 In the end, regardless of climate change and pending further official investigation, Cima Tosa might still be considered Brenta's highest and a genuine European ultra prominent peak.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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